[Why are almost ALL (entirely Hegelian) countries/cultures of this dying world today so stinkingly stagnant and necrotic, irrespective of the gawdy rat race of mere externalia/ infrastructure?!]
[May Allah have the Greatest Mercy on the genuinely high IQ-EQ-CQ-SQ [/creative/ soulful/ ethical] individuals who are stuck in --- or even forced to be stuck in --- a rigid [/narcissistic/ psychopathic/ stagnant/ soulless/ corrupt] and low IQ-EQ-CQ-SQ society/ environment/ government!!
Does social rigidity predict cognitive rigidity? Profiles of socio-cognitive polarization
Psychological Research (2023)
Abstract
Recent research has proposed a relationship between rigid political ideologies and underlying ‘cognitive styles’. However, there remain discrepancies in how both social and cognitive rigidity are defined and measured. Problem-solving, or the ability to generate novel ideas by exploring unusual reasoning paths and challenging rigid perspectives around us, is often used to operationalize cognitive flexibility. Thus, we hypothesized a relation between forms of social rigidity, including Socio-cognitive polarization (i.e., a factor capturing conservative political ideology, absolutism/intolerance of ambiguity, and xenophobia), bullshit receptivity (i.e., overestimating pseudo-profound statements), overclaiming (tendency to self-enhance), and cognitive rigidity (i.e., problem-solving). Our results showed differences in performance on problem-solving tasks between four latent profiles of social rigidity identified in our sample. Specifically, those low in socio-cognitive polarization, bullshit, and overclaiming (i.e., less rigid) performed the best on problem-solving. Thus, we conclude that social and cognitive rigidity may share an underlying socio-cognitive construct, wherein those who are more socially rigid are also more likely to be also cognitively rigid when processing non-social information.
Discussion
There is a sheer breadth of conditions under which rigidity can manifest in human reasoning. In this study, we bridged between two distinct fields of research in psychology showing that social rigidity predicts cognitive rigidity in problem-solving. Our results suggest that inflexible thinking extends beyond strict political ideologies to a holistic reasoning style that includes aspects of rigidity such as xenophobia and absolutism. This result includes aspects often associated with polarized political ideologies such as bullshit receptivity and overclaiming. The LPA performed revealed that those low in SCP, bullshit receptivity, and overclaiming performed the best on measures of problem-solving. Therefore, we argue that social rigidity may be shared by an underlying socio-cognitive construct, wherein those who are more socially rigid are more likely to be cognitively rigid as well.
Since Adorno’s The authoritarian personality, sociologists and psychologists have hypothesized that right-wing attitudes are related to a cognitive style characterized by rigidity. While there is a growing consensus among researchers that rigidity is not a unitary construct (for reviews, see Barron & Harrington, 1981; Batey & Furnham, 2006; Runco, 2004; Baron et al., 2022), to our knowledge there are no studies that investigated latent profiles of social rigidity and problem-solving. Former research has shown that political partisan identity and conservatism are related to cognitive rigidity, specifically in problem solving Salvi, et al., 2016a, b, c; Salvi et al., 2021a, b; Zmigrod, 2020; Zmigrod et al., 2018, 2019. However, in the current study, we extended these results to show that other forms of social reasoning (conservatism, absolutism, xenophobia, bullshit receptivity, and overclaiming) predict different performance in problem-solving. Our results extend Zmigrod’s findings by showing that social rigidity, as captured by SCP, predicts performance on validated measures of cognitive rigidity (Rebus puzzles and CRT).
Why problem solving? A good problem solver practices overcoming rigid perspectives and seeing problems in a different light, seeks to find alternative reasoning paths that will converge to a solution and is more tolerant toward not having an immediate solution. Solving a complicated problem might take a lot of time, implying tolerance and patience. We believe that this thinking skill is reflected in other forms of social reasoning. For example, overcoming functional fixedness entails embracing new perspectives and questioning the status quo, whether one is trying to solve a problem or is fixated on some political ideologies. While such an ability implies depth in logical analysis, it also entails having a low stubbornness to abandon rigid perspectives. The same type of stiffness characterizes political extremists who pursue their ideas with zeal and intolerance. In our analysis, we found that those profiles high in SCP also lacked the flexibility that would allow them to solve problems easily, revealing that their social rigidity predicted cognitive rigidity when reasoning on political-free content. The opposite can be said about the “Low SCP/Low BR_O” group. The two profiles that are lower in SCP relative to the other profiles have markedly distinct indices of BR and overclaiming (“Mild SCP/High BR_O” and “Low SCP/Low BR_O”). Within those who are low in SCP, there is a specific group of individuals who are relatively good at detecting pseudo-profound and overclaiming statements (“Low SCP/Low BR_O”) and another profile of individuals who tend to fail to detect these statements, similarly to the profiles high in SCP. We have reason to believe that our profile analysis taps into a latent subgroup of people (i.e., Mild SCP/High BR_O) who are understudied in social psychology, namely, individuals who embrace liberal ideologies but who also tend to overclaim their knowledge and believe in bullshit. Our findings are consistent with the few studies that have found a relationship between the tendency to be so open-minded as to readily accept new ideas, thus overestimating the deepness of non-sense statements. It seems that these people lie on the boundary between being tolerant, but perhaps overly receptive and credulous. What we found allows us to conclude that this tendency toward bullshit receptivity and overclaiming is not a matter of low, but rather of pseudo-flexibility, given that individuals assigned to this profile also performed worse on problem solving than those in the low SCP and low bullshit receptivity and overclaiming profile. We conclude that these characteristics may make these people less able to engage in the critical examination of pertinent information. Several psychological features are associated with bullshit receptivity including non-analytic thinking styles, faith in intuition, low need for cognition, low cognitive ability, and political ideology. Specifically, neo-liberals and moderate supporters of free-market ideology are more susceptible to bullshit than ideological extremists in either direction (Pennycook et al., 2015; Sterling et al., 2016). Several reasons have been proposed to explain why ideological differences in bullshit receptivity would exist. Conservatives have been characterized as intuitive rather than analytic (Deppe et al., 2015; Jost & Krochik, 2014; Kemmelmeier, 2010; Talhelm et al., 2015). They are more receptive to biased rather than systematic reasoning (Jost & Krochik, 2014; Stern et al., 2013), prefer simple rather than complex thinking (Jost et al., 2003; Tetlock, 2007), and show a low rather than high trait ‘need for cognition’ or ‘enjoyment of thinking’ (Carraro et al., 2011; Hennes et al., 2012; Sargent, 2004; Stern et al., 2013). However, liberals tend to be more open than conservatives to spiritual thinking which would make them especially susceptible to bullshit receptivity and overclaiming (Hirsh et al., 2013; Sterling et al., 2016). Crucially, whether they express conservative or moderately liberal political ideology, they lack deep analysis, cannot detect bullshit receptivity, and feel confident about their judgment. Overclaiming is indeed considered the tendency for people to ‘self-enhance’ when asked about their familiarity with general knowledge questions (Paulhus et al., 2003). People who score higher on the bullshit receptivity index also have high levels of confidence in their mathematics self-efficacy and problem-solving skills as well as a tendency to overclaim regardless of the problem accuracy (Jerrim et al., 2019; Phillips & Clancy, 1972). We speculate that this feeling of overconfidence may make people less prone to doubt their thinking and, therefore, less likely to explore further information, consider alternative explanations of events, and thus perform worse on problem solving and resist change when engaged in social ideologies.
Understanding left-wing authoritarianism: Relations to the dark personality traits, altruism, and social justice commitment
Current Psychology (2023)
Abstract
In two pre-registered studies, we investigated the relationship of left-wing authoritarianism with the ego-focused trait of narcissism. Based on existing research, we expected individuals with higher levels of left-wing authoritarianism to also report higher levels of narcissism. Further, as individuals with leftist political attitudes can be assumed to be striving for social equality, we expected left-wing authoritarianism to also be positively related to prosocial traits, but narcissism to remain a significant predictor of left-wing authoritarianism above and beyond those prosocial dispositions. We investigated our hypotheses in two studies using cross-sectional correlational designs. Two nearly representative US samples (Study 1: N = 391; Study 2: N = 377) completed online measures of left-wing authoritarianism, the Dark Triad personality traits, and two variables with a prosocial focus (i.e., altruism and social justice commitment). In addition, we assessed relevant covariates (i.e., age, gender, socially desirable responding, and virtue signaling). The results of multiple regression analyses showed that a strong ideological view, according to which a violent revolution against existing societal structures is legitimate (i.e., anti-hierarchical aggression), was associated with antagonistic narcissism (Study 1) and psychopathy (Study 2). However, neither dispositional altruism nor social justice commitment was related to left-wing anti-hierarchical aggression. Considering these results, we assume that some leftist political activists do not actually strive for social justice and equality but rather use political activism to endorse or exercise violence against others to satisfy their own ego-focused needs. We discuss these results in relation to the dark-ego-vehicle principle.
Cognitive flexibility and cultural intelligence: Exploring the cognitive aspects of effective functioning in culturally diverse contexts
Cognitive Inflexibility Predicts Extremist Attitudes
Leor Zmigrod
Peter Jason Rentfrow
Trevor W. Robbins- 1Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- 2Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Research into the roots of ideological extremism has traditionally focused on the social, economic, and demographic factors that make people vulnerable to adopting hostile attitudes toward outgroups. However, there is insufficient empirical work on individual differences in implicit cognition and information processing styles that amplify an individual’s susceptibility to endorsing violence to protect an ideological cause or group. Here we present original evidence that objectively assessed cognitive inflexibility predicts extremist attitudes, including a willingness to harm others, and sacrifice one’s life for the group. Across two samples (N = 1,047) from the United Kingdom and United States, structural equation models demonstrated that cognitive inflexibility predicted endorsement of violence to protect the national ingroup, which in turn predicted a willingness to die for the group. These statistical models accounted for an average of 31.4% of the variance in willingness to die for the group, after accounting for demographic variables. Furthermore, cognitive inflexibility was related to greater confidence in the decision to sacrifice one’s life in an ingroup trolley problem scenario. Analysis of participants’ performance on the cognitive tasks revealed that cognitive rigidity – distinctly from other aspects of cognition – was specifically implicated as a cognitive antecedent of extremist attitudes. Implications for the study of radicalization and identity fusion through a neurocognitive lens are discussed.
CQ, IQ, and EQ: What Are They and Why Are They Important?
IQ and EQ—intelligence quotient and emotional quotient, respectively—are recognized worldwide as ways to assess a person’s intelligence and emotional intelligence. IQ is a measure of one’s ability to solve problems, use logic, and communicate effectively. EQ is a measure of one’s ability to recognize emotion in oneself and in others, and to use that awareness to guide one’s decisions.
Though IQ and EQ are most notably discussed and evaluated in the workplace, both kinds of intelligence can influence a variety of factors beyond job performance, including a person’s relationships and overall well-being, according to Healthline.
However, beyond a person’s IQ and EQ, their global competence is more closely tied to their CQ, or cultural quotient. CQ is a lesser-known term, but it’s been proven to be equally as important as IQ and EQ, if not more. People with a high CQ possess the ability to interact comfortably and successfully with other cultures.
“The number one predictor of your success in today’s borderless world is not your IQ, not your resume (CV), and not even your expertise,” writes social scientist David Livermore in his book The Cultural Intelligence Difference. “It’s your CQ.”
Today, a person’s CQ is increasingly important to their general prosperity as well as their professional success, as described in a 2015 by the IESE Business School.
A high CQ allows for more effective cross-cultural collaboration, which is critical to developing relationships with people of diverse backgrounds in and out of the business world. Being culturally aware allows for stronger and more enjoyable relationships with friends as well as colleagues.
Today’s globalized workforce brings new opportunities, but also new challenges. Having coworkers of widely different backgrounds and experiences can be difficult, so cultivating a high CQ is a very valuable asset in the workplace.
As reported by TMA World, “A culturally intelligent workforce will demonstrate better tolerance, trust and understanding of global colleagues.”
A study published in 2011 in the Journal of Social Issues found that people with a high CQ perform better on multicultural work teams than those with a low CQ.
In fact, having a low CQ can actually be limiting. An article published in the Harvard Business Review explains, “Given the number of cross-functional assignments, job transfers, new employers, and distant postings most corporate managers are likely to experience in the course of a career, low CQ can turn out to be an inherent disadvantage.”
A high CQ is crucial for a wide range of careers; it’s necessary for anyone who regularly interacts with people from different backgrounds.
DigiPals facilitates students’ CQ growth, challenging them to communicate and develop meaningful relationships with people of different backgrounds. The chance to strengthen their CQ in the classroom brings a lifetime of benefits, in and out of the workplace.
Students engage in an intercultural exchange of ideas and experiences with their pen pals to learn open-mindedness and multicultural awareness—two important factors of a person’s CQ.
DigiPals offers an incredibly meaningful opportunity for students to engage with peers around the world. Not only do they improve their cultural intelligence, but they become kinder and more open-minded people from their relationships with their pen pals.
How to Beat ChatGPT
How to write better, using psychology that [lucifer/dajjal/jinn/] AI doesn’t have.
Posted July 17, 2023 Reviewed by Devon Frye
- When you prompt ChatGPT to write stories and make arguments, it performs just about as well as you can.
- Algorithms behind ChatGPT do one thing above all—predict the next most probable words worth saying.
- If you want to outperform ChatGPT when your write, exercise specific human strengths that AI can’t duplicate.
What Is Narcissistic Personality Disorder?
Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) is a personality disorder that is characterized by arrogance, entitlement, defensiveness, and an excessive need for external validation. While everyone has some narcissistic traits, only about 6% of the population would qualify as a true narcissist.6,7 In order to be diagnosed with NPD, someone needs to have narcissistic traits that are serious enough to cause problems or impair their ability to function.7
Common signs, traits, and tendencies of NPD include:7
- Grandiosity or an inflated ego
- Fantasizing about power, success, or importance
- Feeling special, exceptional, or better than others
- Needing excessive praise, validation, or attention
- Feeling entitled to special treatment
- A pattern of exploiting or using other people
- A lack of empathy for the feelings and needs of others
- Envious, jealous, or extremely competitive
- Arrogance or a sense of superiority over others
- Extreme sensitivity to criticism
- Poor self-awareness, low emotional intelligence, and poor impulse control
Abstract
Personality disorders are frequently associated with socially unacceptable behaviours that might not be always considered deviant. On the other hand, envy has been linked with various forms of maladjustment such as interpersonal conflicts, low self-esteem, depression, anxiety, aggressiveness, and even criminal behaviour such as vandalism and even murder. According to the DSM-IV, none of the personality disorders, except the narcissistic personality, is formally associated with envy. Nevertheless, this "deadly sin" is so omnipresent in human relationships that it cannot be restricted only to the narcissistic personalities. Most scholars recognise that people would deny that they envy someone else since envy is socially considered as highly undesirable; verbal reports are expected to be biased.
Individuals with ADHD are more likely to participate in politics, study finds
The Non-Integrated Self
Lessons from narcissists and sociopaths.
- Our internal landscape can dictate our behavior, often without us consciously realizing it.
- People, including sociopaths and narcissists, lead secret lives that contradict their openly stated beliefs.
- Developing an "Adult Mind" can guide us toward consistent behavior with our true values and aspirations.
The typical sociopath gets caught in an affair, a financial scandal, or just a lie. Their response? How do I wiggle my way out of this? A pragmatic, amoral decision.
The typical narcissist gets caught in an affair, financial scandal, or just a lie. Their response? Attack the person that exposed them. Make that other person suffer.
A person [with integrity] gets caught in an affair, financial scandal, or just a lie. Their response? Guilt and shame; a wish to make amends. The need to do something because it feels terrible.
The Interior Landscape
We are far less integrated than we would like to think.
What I mean by this is that our notion of self is somewhat of an illusion, although with practical value. It is useful to believe that you are in charge of yourself when the truth is less reassuring.
We think we are in charge. We think we know what we’re doing.
Unless we do a lot of internal work, we tend to operate on the surface, often under the influence of internal factors; what I like to call our "internal landscape".
Yes, internal landscape. Consider the mind like a huge swath of territory. The self we value so much only has a partial view of it. We may choose not to see the whole territory, or some may be blocked off to us, but that territory within is still there. In this regard.
Examples of places in an internal landscape:
- A little boy within was hurt.
- A little girl inside who feels displaced in her family.
- A traumatized place within that goes into flight/fight/freeze when activated.
- A powerful sense of self that “believes” it’s in charge.
- A powerful sense of helplessness that “believes” things never work out.
There are endless spots on the landscape. All within. Some remembered. Some forgotten. Ancient archaeology, modern history. All there.
In good psychotherapy, these places get exposed. We make friends with them. They’re not going away, but they can be rearranged and minimized the more we understand them and navigate around them.
Mouse Eye/Eagle Eye
Consider an ancient piece of wisdom exemplified by the term "mouse eye". Seeing things close up, they appear huge and overwhelming. Mouse eye sees without perspective and with overwhelming immediacy.
We live our lives very much in mouse eye.
Then consider another idea: "eagle eye". Seeing things from up above, the big picture. Eagles have precision sight to accompany their advantage in height. To see with eagle eye often takes psychotherapy or intense self-reflection.
We all lead secret lives, often contradicting our own stated beliefs and values. We break diets while pretending to adhere, engage in gossip we condemn, feign knowledge, and seek attention while denying vanity. Greed subtly influences us, and addictions may lure us.
This clandestine existence thrives as we ignore our internal conflicts.
Unresolved traumas can also manifest in overreactions—an aspect of our behavior we often overlook or dismiss.
What Narcissists and Sociopaths Teach Us
Individuals with narcissistic or sociopathic traits often lead secret lives. Narcissists, with their brittle egos and sense of entitlement, use others for personal success. Similarly, sociopaths can contribute to their communities while exploiting them. Their ego is more robust, but they lack a sense of responsibility, focusing solely on winning without guilt or shame.
When a narciSSist's secret life is exposed, they can't reconcile guilt internally due to their brittle ego. They are intolerant to criticism, causing them to react viciously when exposed.
SSociopaths are aware of their actions and indifferent to guilt or shame.
They view people as pawns to achieve victory and can examine their internal landscape, rationalize their behavior, or simply not care. They can display narcissistic grandiosity if it serves their agenda. Their lack of guilt and focus on winning make them challenging to treat.
Research Suggests Politicians are More Likely to Be Psychopaths
Several of the characteristics that define a psychopath also correspond to the traits that make for [ineffective but popular] leaders.
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Definition
Corporate psychopathic behavior describes a form of corporate conduct, which meets the psychiatric criteria for human psychopathy, that is, a failure to conform to social norms and the violation of accepted ethical standards without remorse. The parallel between corporate and human psychopathy exists due to moral projection, whereby corporate actions are seen as analogous to human actions because of the status of “legal person” or “corporate personhood” granted to corporate entities under corporate law.
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